<p>Rockland Furnace is a historic iron furnace located at Rockland Township, Venango County, Pennsylvania. It was built 1832, and is a stone structure approximately 25 feet tall. It has an 11 feet wide, 10 feet tall casting arch and 9 feet wide, 9 feet tall tuyere arch. Also on the property are the wheel pit and mill race.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Emlenton Historic District is a national historic district located at Emlenton, Venango County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 317 contributing buildings, 57 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Emlenton. It includes commercial, residential, industrial, and institutional buildings. They are in a variety of popular architectural styles including Italianate, Greek Revival, and Gothic Revival.</p><br>
<p>Notable buildings include the Valley House Hotel (1837), Quaker State Oil Refining Complex, Harry Crawford birthplace (c. 1860), Farmers National Bank Building (1904), Criswell-Bishop Building (c. 1920), Crawford Memorial School (1928), St. Johns Reformed Church (1869), St. Johns Evangelical Lutheran Church (1886), Emlenton Presbyterian Church (1874), St. Michael&#39;s Roman Catholic Church (1870, 1930), and Emlenton Borough Building (1928). The contributing structures are mostly located at the Quaker State Oil Refining Complex and the contributing object is a World War I memorial.</p><br>
<p>The Emlenton Mill (1874) was lost to fire on February 6, 2015. At the time of the fire it housed an ice cream shop, a hostel for cyclists on the Allegheny River Trail, and a small museum. Several nearby houses were also damaged. Emlenton, a town of 648, has been trying to remake itself into a tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Historic District is a national historic district located at Franklin, Venango County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 380 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Franklin. It includes commercial, residential, industrial, and institutional buildings. They are in a variety of popular architectural styles including Queen Anne, Greek Revival, and Federal. Notable non-residential buildings include the Venango County Courthouse , County Jail, and First United Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District is a national historic district that is located in Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>This district includes fifty-one contributing buildings and two contributing structures that are located in the central business district of Oil City. It primarily includes commercial buildings that were designed in a variety of popular architectural styles, including Romanesque Revival, Colonial Revival, and Italianate. Notable buildings include the General Telephone Company Building (1942), Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church (1924), the Oil City Boiler Works, Downs Block (1894), Veach Block (1896, 1913), the Drake Building (1928), and the Oil City National Bank (1926).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Gros Cap Archaeological District is a set of three archaeological sites located in Moran Township, Michigan, USA, designated 20MK6, 20MK7 and 20MK111. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The three sites cover 13.5 acre and include a village site and portions of the Gros Cap Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site is associated with the Odawa people, who settled in the area around West Moran Bay in the late 17th century. The Odawa village, located on the shore of the bay, had at one time 1500 people living in it, and was connected via a trail to the village to the east where St. Ignace is now located. A cemetery (now known as the Gros Cap Cemetery and still in use) was originally adjacent to the tribal village As more European settlers moved into the area, the Ottawa population decreased due to further emigration or intermarriage with the arriving settlers. However, the cemetery continued to be used by French, English and, eventually, American settlers.</p><br>
<p>The Gros Cap Cemetery, once known as the Western Cemetery, is a cemetery located southeast of Gros Cap, Michigan on US 2. It is one of the oldest cemeteries in the United States to be continuously used, and a portion is contained in the Gros Cap Archaeological District. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1970 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 17th century, a group of Ottawa Indians settled in the area around West Moran Bay. The village had, at one time, 1500 people living in it.</p><br>
<p>The Gros Cap Cemetery was originally adjacent to the tribal village As more European settlers moved into the area, the Ottawa population decreased due to further emigration or intermarriage with the arriving settlers. However, the cemetery continued to be used by French, English, and eventually American settlers. In 1889, the cemetery was placed under the jurisdiction of Moran Township, at which time the size of the cemetery was reduced and some of the remains reburied within the smaller remaining area. Later, the cemetery was increased in size to the north and east.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original cemetery covered a wide area; however, the current Gros Cap Cemetery is a plot of land measuring 375 ft by 600 ft, surrounded by a chain link fence. The cemetery contains the graves of both Indians and Europeans, with wooden crosses, 19th century headstones, and modern tombstones.</p><br>
<p>Rector Road Bridge is a historic truss bridge in Denton, Texas. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>It is a 5-panel, pinned Pratt through-truss bridge with I-beam approach spans. It is 112 ft in total length, with the primary span 80 ft in length.</p><br>
<p>It was built by the Austin Brothers Company in 1907–08 to span Clear Creek near Sanger, Texas, costing $1,664. Frank and George Austin were then the Atlanta and Dallas agents of the George E. King Bridge Company, although they later started their own bridge fabrication plant.</p><br>
<p>It was later moved to the John Guyer High School at 7501 Teasley Lane in Denton.</p><br>
<p>Marcy Village Apartments is a historic community located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Built in 1939, the 25 acre, 19-building apartment community compose a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 2004. Ground for the development was broken the week of March 20, 1939, and work was started on a full-time basis with Everett A. Carson of Indianapolis as the builder. Architects, Granger & Bollenbacher of Chicago, created the Colonial Revival apartment community for owners at the time, Marcy Realty Corporation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On October 10, 1938, a project hearing was held before the Board of Zoning Appeals on a petition for variance to permit construction to start within two weeks on the $1,680,000 multi-apartment project to be located in northeast Indianapolis. Samuel B. Sutphin of New Augusta, owner of the 25-acre site for the proposed project, filed the petition with the zoning board.</p><br>
<p>Purchase of the site by the Marcy Realty Corporation depended upon favorable action by the zoning board. The multi apartment project first was planned by its sponsors on a tract at 59th street and the Monon Railroad but was abandoned when nearby property owners protested. The new site was bounded on the north by 46th street between College and Keystone Ave in Indianapolis, just north of the Indiana State School for the Deaf. Development of the project took 500 workmen nearly eight months to construct.</p><br>
<p>The Marcy Village large-scale housing project was the first Federal Housing Administration project of its type completed in Indiana. The buildings are distributed over the twenty-five-acre tract.</p><br>
<p>Marcy Village, which represents an expenditure of approximately $1,690,000, was an implemented under section 207of the National Housing Act of 1934. Under that section, sponsors may borrow from some private lending institution approved by the government any amount up to $5,000,000, at an interest rate not to exceed 4%, for terms to be approved by the administer and which in some instances run as long as thirty three years, for the construction of apartment buildings or groups of single-family buildings. At the time, Marcy Village was the 90th project completed in Indiana under that plan, though Marcy Village was the largest of its type in Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Colonial architecture is the primary design of the nineteen buildings of the project. Additionally to the apartments, there were shops consisting of five storerooms, which were occupied by a drug store, grocery, barber shop, beauty shop, and dentists&#39; and doctors offices.</p><br>
<h2>General contractor</h2><br>
<p>General contractor for the project was Everett A. Carson, Indianapolis-based general contractor, and father of Dr. Wayne Carson, surgeon and sponsor. E. A. Carson built structures in and near Indianapolis, including the front for SS. Peter and Paul Cathedral on North Meridian Street, St. Joan of Arc Catholic Church and parochial school building, and several academic buildings for Indiana University.</p><br>
<p>The Oil City North Side Historic District, also known as Cottage Hill, Palace Hill, and Polish Hill, is a national historic district that is located in Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Situated directly north of the Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>This district includes 1,140 contributing buildings that are located in a predominantly residential section of Oil City. It includes a few neighborhood commercial buildings, churches, and two schools. The houses were built between about 1870 and 1945 and were designed in a variety of popular architectural styles, including Romanesque Revival, Queen Anne, Second Empire, Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, and Italianate.</p><br>
<p>This district also includes a number of working class, vernacular dwellings, especially in the Polish Hill section.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Oil City South Side Historic District, also known as Venango City and Laytonia, is a national historic district that is located in Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania, and is situated directly south of the Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>This district encompasses 882 contributing buildings and two contributing objects that are located in a mixed-use section of Oil City. It includes a large number of dwellings, commercial buildings, churches, and institutional buildings. The houses were built roughly between 1863 and 1945 and were designed in a variety of popular architectural styles, including Romanesque Revival, Late Gothic Revival, Second Empire, Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, Bungalow, American Foursquare, and Italianate.</p><br>
<p>Notable non-residential buildings include the Carnegie Library (1905), the Latonia Theater (1928), the Knights of Columbus Hall (1927-1928), the Good Hope Lutheran Church Rectory (1928), Christ Episcopal Church (1886), St. Stephen&#39;s Roman Catholic Church (1906), and Second Lutheran Church (1913). Located in the district is the separately listed Oil City Armory.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library in Anaheim, California is a Carnegie library building built in 1908. The Classical Revival style building was designed by John C. Austin, and opened in 1909.</p><br>
<p>It was a public library until 1963. During the 1970s it served as the personnel office for the City of Anaheim. It is now one of the buildings of the MUZEO, a museum of local culture, history and art.</p><br>
<p>The Anaheim Carnegie Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>It is the only Carnegie library remaining in Orange County; others in Fullerton, Orange, Santa Ana, and Huntington Beach did not survive.</p><br>
<p>Warren Armory is a historic National Guard armory located at Warren, Warren County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1909, and is a 2 1/2-story, brick building with a gambrel roof in the Romanesque style. The drill hall is located on the second floor. It has a projecting central entrance bay, stone sills and lintels, brick turrets, and a crenelated parapet.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Warren County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse located at Warren, Warren County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1876–1877, and is a -story, brick and sandstone building in the Second Empire style. It has a slate covered mansard roof. It measures 72 feet by 122 feet, and has a large 4-sided dome topped by a square clock tower and statue of justice.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by architect Milton Earl Beebe.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Struthers Library Building, also known as the Library Theatre, is a historic library and theatre building in Warren, Pennsylvania, USA</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1883, this historic structure is a red brick building that consists of three sections and measures seventy-three feet wide by 162 feet deep. The front section is three stories high with a corner tower. The second floor housed a library and the third a meeting hall, which was originally used as the town&#39;s Masonic Temple. It has a marquee on the front elevation. Behind the front section is the auditorium and behind that is a three-story section with dressing rooms and stage.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium was originally built as a Victorian opera house. The building was renovated in 1919 by the architectural firm of Warren and Wetmore.</p><br>
<p>During the 1919 renovation, the auditorium was modified to make it suitable for movies and traveling vaudeville shows. This building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the auditorium underwent an extensive restoration, preserving the details of the 1919 renovation.</p><br>
<p>Wetmore House, also known as the Warren County Historical Society, is a historic home located at Warren, Warren County, Pennsylvania. It was built between 1870 and 1873, and is a two-story, red brick mansion in the Second Empire style. It has a mansard roof and small, one-story open portico. It was acquired by the Warren County Historical Society in 1964.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>A. J. Hazeltine House, also known as the Honorable Charles Warren Stone Museum, is a historic home located at Warren, Warren County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1905–1907, and is a three-story, buff brick dwelling in the Jacobean style. It features marble lintels and capstones and wide terraces on two sides of the house. Its builder, A. J. Hazeltine, was a business associate of Congressman Charles Warren Stone . The American Legion occupied the house starting in 1928. It was acquired by the county for the Warren County Historical Society in 1975.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The John P. Jefferson House, also known as the Jefferson Tea House and YWCA Residence, is an historic American home that is located in Warren, Warren County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1890, this historic structure is a three-story, stone and shingled dwelling that was designed in a Richardsonian Romanesque style. It features a steep hipped roof, four tall chimney stacks, a semi-circular turret, porch supported by massive stone columns, and bay windows.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson House is currently occupied by the administrative offices of the Northern Pennsylvania Regional College.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Woman&#39;s Club of Warren, also known as the Myron Waters House, is an historic, American home that is located in Warren, Warren County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1872, this historic structure is a three-story, brick building with a two-story addition that was designed in the Italianate style. It has a shallow pitched hipped roof, entry porch with segmented arched roof, and three-story bay window.</p><br>
<p>Originally created as a private residence, it was acquired by the Woman&#39;s Club of Warren in 1922. A five hundred-seat auditorium was added in 1924 to the rear of the dwelling.</p><br>
<p>This building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Matthew Fontaine Maury School , in Fredericksburg, Virginia, is an historic school building noted for its Colonial Revival architecture and design as well as its significance in the entertainment and cultural life of Fredericksburg. The architect of the building was Philip Stern. Built in 1919-1920, the school was used from then until 1952 for both elementary and high-school students. After the construction of James Monroe High School, the building was used as an elementary- and middle-school. The school was closed in 1980. Maury School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in March 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school is located on in an area of Fredericksburg bounded by George, Kenmore, William and Barton streets. The site had been previously used as a potter&#39;s field and an African-American cemetery. Prior to construction, the graves were relocated to Shiloh Cemetery in Fredericksburg. The original school building was Fredericksburg High School. It consisted of one building facing George Street. An auditorium was added to the school in 1930.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, the school was enlarged with the addition of James Monroe Elementary School, a separate building connected by a covered walk, and the name was changed to James Monroe High School. In 1952, when the city built a new high school, the building was renamed Matthew Fontaine Maury School and served as the city&#39;s middle school until it was closed in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Maury stadium</h2><br>
<p>Included in the Historic Places designation is the schools stadium. This stadium was built in 1935 and, despite the construction of two different high schools to replace it, James Monroe High School sports teams continue to use it for home games. On the slope between the school and the field, bleachers of stepped-concrete bleachers were built. A brick balustrade forms the edge of the spectators area.</p><br>
<p>The stadium has been called "the City Stadium". It is the largest public gathering place in Fredericksburg. It is the venue for concerts and other community events. The stadium was also home to the Fredericksburg Dog Mart. The Dog Mart began with a 1698 agreement between the village that was to become Fredericksburg and the Manahoac Indian tribe. Held each year, this event brought as many as 15,000 people to the school.</p><br>
<h2>Matthew Fontaine Maury</h2><br>
<p>The school is named for Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806–1873), a Spotsylvania County, Virginia native who was known as the "Pathfinder of the Seas". Maury studied ocean currents and published the first reliable oceanographic charts. Maury was involved in the founding of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and taught at the Virginia Military Institute.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>Maury School reflects a Colonial Revival-style architecture. The school is made up of three matching buildings with 65,000 square feet of space. The first building opened in 1920 and was called Fredericksburg High School. The school was designed to serve white students in grades 7 - 12. In 1930 an auditorium and gym were added. An identical building was built in 1937 to house elementary school students and is connected by a covered walkway. The architect of the buildings was Philip Nathaniel Stern (1878–1960) of Fredericksburg, who was also architect for many of the buildings at what is now the University of Mary Washington. Historian and writer Jack D. Warren Jr. called Maury School "the best example of institutional Colonial Revival architecture in Fredericksburg".</p><br>
<p>Braehead is a historic house located in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The 6,000-square-foot house was built in 1858-1859 by George Mullen for John Howison, who was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1809. John Howison&#39;s sister was the renowned Civil War diarist, Jane Briggs  Beale.</p><br>
<p>John Howisons father, Samuel Howison, was born in Prince William, Virginia, in 1779. He and his wife, Helen Rose Moore, purchased the house at 1300 Charles Street, Fredericksburg, in 1828. Samuel Howisons father, Stephen Howison, was born in 1735/36 in St. Marys, Maryland. Stephen Howisons father, John Howison, was born in Braehead, Scotland, in 1682.</p><br>
<p>In 1843, Howison married Anne Richards Lee, a distant cousin of Robert E. Lee through the Hancock Lees, also known as “the Ditchley Lees.” The house now known as "Braehead" was named in memory of the Lee home where she grew up. Originally known as "Greenview", it was a house and a farm. Before the first Battle of Fredericksburg, General Lee took breakfast at Greenview (Braehead), spending time with distant relations, although Anne Lee Howison had died earlier in the year.</p><br>
<p>John Howison&#39;s oldest sons both perished in the Civil War. After the war, John Howison could no longer afford to keep Greenview, including the farm and dairy, and sold it to his younger brother, Robert Reid Howison, a sometime lawyer and, later, a Presbyterian minister. Robert Reid Howison had written and published a major history of Virginia in 1846 and renamed the house "Braehead." It was a descendant of Robert Reid Howison who owned the house when it was sold in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in May 2000. It is noted for its distinctive characteristics of design and construction and for its historical significance.</p><br>
<p>Braehead is a two-story brick building that is nine bays wide. The main part of the house is square with a two-story kitchen connected by a hyphen. The house has a double-pile (two rooms between the front and rear walls), sidepassage plan with hipped roofed entrance porticos on the east and west façades.</p><br>
<p>Also on the property are two sites contributing to its historical significance: the ruins of a worked stone icehouse and the chimney base of an antebellum house. The house is within the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park.</p><br>
<p>During the Battle of Fredericksburg, General Robert E. Lee&#39;s headquarters were located near the home. On the morning of December 13, 1862, Lee had breakfast at Braehead.</p><br>
<p>Brompton, originally known as Marye House, is an historic house located on heights overlooking the town of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The house was built in 1838 by John Lawrence Marye. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in July 1979.</p><br>
<p>The house sits atop an area of Fredericksburg known as Maryes Heights&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The town was about 400 yards from Brompton and was a Confederate stronghold against repeated Union Army assaults on the slope during the Battle of Fredericksburg (1862–1863). Confederate General James Longstreet maintained his headquarters at Brompton.</p><br>
<p>Brompton currently serves as the residence of the President of the University of Mary Washington.</p><br>
<p>Walker–Grant School is a historic school in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The school was built in 1938 and was the first publicly supported black high school in Fredericksburg. The school was named for Joseph Walker  and Jason Grant  who worked to establish the school. The Art Deco designed school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in October 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Joseph Walker and Jason Grant</h2><br>
<p>Walker was born into slavery in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. He was owned by the Goodwin family. After being freed at the conclusion of the American Civil War, he held a variety of jobs in Caroline and Spotsylvania counties. In the 1870s he moved to Fredericksburg where he worked at a paper mill. Though he was almost entirely self-taught, and unable to read or write well, he had a strong interest in education.</p><br>
<p>Grant&#39;s father was a slave in Kentucky who fled to Chatham, Ontario, Canada to escape a whipping. Grant attended schools in Chatham, Pontiac, Michigan, and at the Wilberforce Educational Institute in Ohio. Grant met a teacher from Fredericksburg, Virginia while he was working as a waiter in New York. He was convinced to move to Fredericksburg to teach there. He taught mostly in country schools and was the principal of the Fredericksburg Colored School. In 1924 he retired after 42 years in education.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Walker and Grant worked together with others to create the Fredericksburg Normal and Industrial Institute, the first high school for black people in Fredericksburg. The Institute opened in 1905 with 20 students, supported only by donations from residents and, thus, was not a public school. The school opened in the basement of the Shiloh Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, the Institute was moved to a farmhouse on land purchased in an area of Fredericksburg known as Moorefield. The name of the area was changed to Mayfield. A new building was constructed for the school in the 1920s with four classrooms, an office, science laboratory, cloak rooms and about 20 rooms for boarding students.</p><br>
<p>In time, the financial burden on the black community to support the growing and successful school became too great and by 1935 the school was struggling to survive. In 1938, the Fredericksburg Normal and Industrial Institute was made part of the city school system. The school was merged with the nearby black elementary school and the entire school was named Walker–Grant.</p><br>
<p>When the Fredericksburg school system was integrated in 1968, Walker–Grant became the city&#39;s middle school, serving white and black students. In 1988, Walker–Grant Middle School moved to a new building, retaining the same name.The original Walker–Grant building is still used by the Fredericksburg school system for administrative offices and the Head Start Program.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library of Covington, also known as Covington Public Library, is a historic Carnegie library located at the corner of Fifth and Crockett Streets , Covington, Indiana. It was built in 1913-1914 by Charles A. Brown and is a one-story, rectangular brick building in the Neoclassical style. It has a low-pitched hipped roof, and the front facade features a one-story projecting pedimented portico. The building was renovated, and a new addition was added in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Corporation of New York awarded $10,000 to build the library in 1913. It is among 164 public libraries (and two academic libraries) that the Carnegie Corporation endowed in Indiana. It opened in 1914.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The library remains in operation today as a branch of the Covington-Veedersburg Public Library.</p><br>
<p>The Colfax Carnegie Library, also known as Colfax Public Library, is a historic Carnegie library located at Colfax, Clinton County, Indiana. It was built in 1917, and is a -story, Classical Revival style brick building on a raised basement. It features a red terra cotta style hipped roof and decorative frieze. It was built in part with $9,000 provided by the Carnegie Foundation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The historic Carnegie library remains in operation today as a public library; its name has been changed to "Colfax-Perry Township Public Library" to accurately represent its wider service area.</p><br>
<p>The Rensselaer Carnegie Library in Rensselaer, Indiana is a building from 1905. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The building no longer functions as a library; since 1992 it houses the Prairie Arts Council, a local performing arts organization.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1904–1905, the library is a one-story masonry building on a raised basement. The basement is about 5 ft above grade and 5 ft below. The height of the main story creates the impression of a two or three story structure. The building is roughly square with a projecting entry bay centered in the main facade. The cubical massing is emphasized by the monopitch roof, which slopes to the rear (northeast). The roof is masked by a balustrade.</p><br>
<p>All exterior elevations are of "Hobart" buff face brick laid in common bond with dressed limestone detailing. The central entry bay is flanked by large windows on either side. A flight of stairs leads to main entry. Entry level is halfway between the primary floor level and grade level. The entry is defined by a broken pediment supported by fluted console scroll brackets, all of limestone. Flanking the entry is a stone water table on which rest small, narrow windows. A frieze has raised Roman lettering stating "MDCCC PUBLIC LIBRARY 01111". Above this is a full pediment with stone raking cornices. An oculus with stone garland surround is centered in the brick tympanum.</p><br>
<p>The bays flanking the entry projection have paired double hung three over one sash with heavy stone lintels at the basement level. Above this runs a plain water table. Large paired one over one windows with stone tablets below each window mark the primary level. Above each window pair are continuous transoms having classical criss-cross fretwork muntins. Each paired window opening is surmounted by a limestone flat arch with radiating voussoirs. The entablature consists of a stone architrave, plain brick frieze, and limestone cornice. A brick parapet with stone coping masks the roofline. Set into the parapet and centered over the double windows below are stone panels repeating the fretwork of the transoms. The cornerstone of the building is located at the southwest corner. It reads "LAID July 13.A.L.5904 A.D.1904. BY GRAND MASTER OF INDIANA. WITH THE AID OF PRAIRIE LODGE No. 125 F.& A.M. C.R. WEATHERHOGG ARCHITECT."</p><br>
<p>The side elevations of the library both have three bays of fenestration detailed identically to the flanking bays of the main facade. The basement windows at the northeast corner of the side elevation have been infilled with brick. The rear elevation is similar to the side elevations, however, the rear roof line lacks the parapet and has a single chimney stack. The basement window located toward the northeast corner has been bricked off as well. Near the center of the basement level, a small wood frame vestibule has been added to shelter a basement level entry.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>A foyer with stairs is just inside the main door. This tall space leads down to the basement on the left, and up to the main level on the right. Oak woodwork in the foyer remains intact, including wainscoting, paneling, and a purely decorative stair rail. The stair rail has paneled newels and turned balusters. Door and window surrounds have beaded vertical boards and entablature headers. Only the window moldings have been maintained from the original. Most of the original built-in bookcases remain, as do window and door surrounds. Suspended fluorescent lighting and acoustical ceiling tiles have been added. The stained glass skylight was removed.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, Rensselaer Library is a good example of a Carnegie library building. Prominent Fort Wayne architect Charles Weatherhogg designed the building, which is among the best examples of Neo-Classical Revival architecture in Rensselaer.</p><br>
<p>Rensselaer Carnegie Library P6120015.jpgCloseup of exterior lamp</p><br>
<p>Rensselaer Carnegie Library P6120011.jpgWest facade of the Rensselaer Carnegie Library</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Bobinski, George S. Carnegie Libraries. Chicago: American Library Association, 1969.</p><br>
<p>History of Jasper County, Indiana. Jasper-Newton Counties, Genealogical Society, 1985.</p><br>
<p>Hubbard, Kin, ed. A Book of Indiana. Indianapolis: Indiana</p><br>
<p>Morrison, George. National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form, Fairfield Manor, Alien County, Indiana. Listed 6–16–83.</p><br>
<p>Wells, John. "Architecture of Carnegie Libraries in Indiana." Muncie, IN: Ball State University, 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library Building in Carroll, Iowa, United States, is a building from 1905. The 60 by structure was designed in the Prairie School style by Omaha architect Thomas R. Kimball. The Carnegie Corporation of New York had accepted Carroll&#39;s application for a grant for $10,000 on February 12, 1903. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The library is now home to the Carroll County Historical Museum, which is operated by the Carroll Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Perry Carnegie Library Building, also known as the Carnegie Library Museum, is a historic structure located in Perry, Iowa, United States. The Perry Library Association was established in 1894, and William Tarr served as its first librarian. Andrew Carnegie accepted Perry&#39;s application for a grant for $10,600 on January 13, 1903. The Des Moines architectural firm of Liebbe, Nourse & Rasmussen designed the Neoclassical building that was built by local contractor Courtney and Bolt. It opened in September 1904 was dedicated on December 10.</p><br>
<p>The L-shaped building is designed to fit into its triangular lot. The inside of the "L" is filled in and features a rounded outer wall. The building served as a public library for close to 90 years when a new library was built across the street. It was then renovated for use as a library museum. Its collection includes many of the 1,000 original titles from the library, a special collection of Midwest literature, womens fiction, childrens books, and books on literacy and libraries. The Carnegie Library Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Lasanen Site, designated 20MA21, is an archaeological site located in St. Ignace, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lasanen Site is located within the city of St. Ignace, on what was once a beach ridge above the Straits of Mackinac.</p><br>
<p>The site is a burial ground associated with the Iroquois culture. Nineteen small burial pits, located in an area approximately 100 ft by 50 ft, were identified at the site. Five more burial pits were found on adjacent property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lasanen Site was discovered in 1966, when a private landowner, Dr. W. C. Lasanen, unearthed human remains while excavating to construct a foundation. Lasanen notified the Mackinac Island State Park Commission, and urgent salvage excavations were undertaken to recover the exposed human burials. Later in 1966, C. E. Cleland from Michigan State University, along with some students, undertook further excavations at the site. These excavations continued into 1967.</p><br>
<p>The details unearthed at the burials are consistent with those witnessed and described by Antoine Laumet Cadillac in 1694–97, and may be the same.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library in Newton, Kansas is a building from 1903. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>It was built as a two-story 51x62 ft building; a 30 ft one-story addition was added later.</p><br>
<h2>Harvey County Historical Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Harvey County Historical Museum is now located in the former library. Opened in 1974, the museum features exhibits about the county&#39;s history and culture, offers public programs and speakers, operates the 1873 Kellas School, and houses an archive of historic photos and documents.</p><br>
<p>The Wichita City Carnegie Library Building located at 220 S. Main Street in Wichita, Kansas, Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States, is a Carnegie library built in 1915. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The two-story, limestone Beaux Arts building stands in the southwestern part of Wichitas central business district, directly south of the old City Hall. Its façade orientation is west. The building measures approximately one hundred and twenty-eight feet from north to south and eighty-three feet from east to west. After the completion of Wichitas Central Library in 1966, the Wichita City Carnegie Library Building served as city offices and the municipal court until the Wichita Omnisphere and Science Center established its tenancy in 1976, followed by changing tenants.</p><br>
<p>The two-story, ashlar cut, limestone block building sits on an ashlar cut, limestone block, raised foundation with a multiply moulded watertable. Three bays comprise the rectangular buildings façade and rear. The buildings main body is one bay deep, a one-bay-by-one-bay brick unit extends from the rear elevations center bay. A parapetted entry pavilion projects from the facades center bay. A short, square tower rises from the building&#39;s central bay, covered by a rounded, truncated hipped roof sheathed with pantiles and surmounted by a monitor roof. Tripartite windows with translucent glass pierce each wall of the central tower. Standing seam metal covers the gable roofs of the two main wings, the metal may have been tarred. Two skylights, which have been covered due to water leakage, pierce the gable roofs midway. The entry pavilion and the rear extension have low roofs hidden by parapets, they are likely covered with tar and gravel. The building retains its original metal drain pipes on the outer edges of the façade and the rear extension.</p><br>
<p>A limestone or terracotta entablature, consisting of a multiply moulded bottom course surmounted by an egg and dart architrave, a bracketed frieze, and an incised vegetal and shell motif cornice engages the building on all elevations except the rear.</p><br>
<p>The interior was designed by interior designer Louise Caldwell Murdock, a noted interior designer trained at the Parsons School of Fine Art in New York. In 1987 it was described that the building "maintains its original atrium floorplan and ceramic tiled floors. The beamed and coffered first level ceiling, the Doric pilasters below the ceiling beams, the first level marble columns, the egg and dart moulding ceiling cornice on the first level, the wooden door and window surrounds, the double cast iron staircase in the vestibule, and the three story, classically detailed atrium surround are retained."</p><br>
<p>In 2006, Fidelity Bank purchased the building, and is now its corporate headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The Guy C. Irvine House, also known as "The Locusts," The Walker House, and The Kopf House, is an historic home which is located outside of Pine Grove Township, Warren County, Russell, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The house design is Greek Revival in the front (East face), and post-colonial/Pennsylvania Georgian in the back. This historic structure was built between 1831 and 1835, and is a two-story, brick dwelling, with two-story flanking wings. Five bays wide and two bays deep, with a gable roof, it features a pedimented porch supported by two columns.</p><br>
<p>The foundation construction is a twenty-one-inch hand cut stone that was obtained from a local quarry. The external and internal house walls are double brick. A unique feature is the "bridged" end chimneys. There were originally fourteen fireplaces; eleven remain.</p><br>
<p>There have been several fires, presumably isolated to the southern flanking wing. These were probably kitchen fires, possibly occurring around 1875 (3), 1890 and 1910.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of the Irvine House still have many of the original Black Locust trees (Robinia pseudoacacia), which were either planted by Irvine, or were possibly existing as a locust grove prior to construction of the home. The wooden fence enclosing the front yard was rebuilt to original design in the early 1940s. The house and grounds are well documented in Charles Stotz book "The Early Architecture of Western Pennsylvania". Stotz noted that "The Locust" is one of only a few historic homes (pre-1860) in Western Pennsylvania that still retain some of its original landscaping.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by William Bell and built by William and John Thompson for business partners and friends, Guy Carrolton Irvine and Rufus Weatherby. Guy and Rufus married sisters and traveled together extensively, so they initially designed the house to accommodate two families. However, during the construction, Rufus Weatherby died (1833) and the house was finished for a single family. The Irvine House was part of the Irvine family until 1940, when it was purchased by the Walkers. The Walkers meticulously restored the house and grounds, retaining the original trees, rebuilding the fence and adding utilities for the first time. When the Walkers purchased the property there were several outbuildings; however all but the original outhouse was in poor condition and demolished. The original, two-stall brick outhouse was restored, and two brick outbuildings were added.</p><br>
<p>The Locusts was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 13 September 1978. It is the only house in Pine Grove township listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library at Adams and Columbus Ave. in Sandusky, Ohio, also known as the Sandusky Public Library, was built in 1901. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It was designed by architect Albert D&#39;Oench.</p><br>
<p>Fundraising for a library was begun in 1886 by a Library Funding Association. It is a -story building. It was designed by New York City firm DOench and Yost (Albert DOench and Joseph W. Yost). Yost worked in Columbus, Ohio before moving to New York City and joining D&#39;Oench. The building has elements of Jacobean Revival style including steep triangular gables, rectangular windows divided by stone mullions, bay windows, and towers with curved roofs.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library in El Reno, Oklahoma is the oldest Carnegie library in Oklahoma that is still functioning as a library. Constructed in 1903, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and has been in continuous use as a library since its opening.</p><br>
<p>The main feature of the Classical Revival structure is its two-story portico with four ionic columns. The only structural addition to the library since its construction was a fireproof archives room built in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Electric Sub-Station No. 14 is a former traction substation in Santa Ana, California. It was built by the Pacific Electric Railway to provide electricity to run the railway&#39;s streetcars in central Orange County, California. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Substation function</h2><br>
<p>Electric trolley and interurban cars required 600 volts direct current (DC) to operate a cars DC traction motors. The function of a "substation" was to convert very high voltage alternating current (AC) from a power station, often miles away, for the necessary conversion to a lower voltage DC. High voltage AC entered the substation, was dropped to a lower voltage by a transformer, and then fed to a device called a Rotary Converter for the conversion to 600 volts DC. Substations were required on every trolley and interurban line in the United States and often still are for todays subway and light rail lines. Later the very large and cumbersome rotary converters, as much as 8 ft in diameter rotating and vibrating and requiring a human round-the-clock operator, were replaced by small package solid state converters with no operator.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pacific Electric Railway&#39;s Santa Ana substation #14 was built in 1907 and still stands. It is a single-story, rectangular building made of brick with minimal classical ornamentation in its design. There are hollow pipes at each end for electric wires to enter and exit. Very high voltage alternating current (AC) from the Watts Steam Generating Station (30 mi away) entered at one end of the building and was converted (by rectification by a six foot high massive rotating machine called a rotary converter) to 600 volts direct current (DC) necessary to power the interurban trains, and the DC wires then exited the building at the opposite end. A transformer was located inside the building to drop the high voltage (delivered from Watts) to a lower voltage AC for the rotary converter. This substation powered the Watts–Santa Ana Line, the Santa Ana–Orange Line, and the Santa Ana–Huntington Beach Line and was in service from 1907 until the cessation of passenger service in 1950. It is the last former Pacific Electric substation building remaining in Orange County.</p><br>
<p>Substation #14 was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 due to its association with the Pacific Electric Railways extensive operation in Orange County as well as for its architecture. The building was partially restored in 2020, replacing the roof and converting interior spaces.</p><br>
<p>Wilmot House, also known as David Wilmot House, is a historic home located at Bethany, Wayne County, Pennsylvania. It was built about 1811, and is a -story, wood-frame dwelling in the style of a New England farmhouse. It is three bays wide and two bays deep and has a medium pitch gable roof. It has a -story addition with a saltbox roof. Congressman, Senator, and abolition advocate David Wilmot  was born in the house in 1814.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library in Guthrie, Oklahoma, is a building at 406 East Oklahoma Avenue. Constructed in 1901, It remained Guthrie&#39;s main library until 1972, when the city decided to tear it down and build a new facility in its place. Fred Pfeiffer, a local philanthropist, offered to fund a new structure next door to the Carnegie Library, if the old building were kept intact. The city accepted his offer, and gave the building to the Oklahoma Historical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The old building is now part of the Oklahoma Territorial Museum. Oklahoma Territorial Museum opened Nov. 13, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Federated Womens Clubs of Guthrie established a library board and requested a grant from Andrew Carnegie to construct a building. In 1901, Carnegie initially granted $20,000, then added another $5,000. The library board hired H. J. Vandenberg as the construction contractor. The womens club apparently raised additional money for the project, because the total cost of the project was approximately $35,000.</p><br>
<p>Initially, there were no criteria for architectural style of the Carnegie library buildings, although Carnegie voiced his expectation that the edifice should, "... signify its importance to the community." The building was designed by J. H. Bennett, a local architect. Its architectural style has been described as "Second Renaissance Revival." It is a two-story building, constructed of brick and stone with a full attic. The building was 60 feet by 20 feet. The ground floor featured a room in the center covered by a rotunda. The dome is 20 feet in diameter and rises 50 feet. The rotunda was surrounded by five rooms for reading, book storage and club meetings.</p><br>
<p>Carnegie was displeased when he learned that grant funds had been spent for a rotunda, a meeting room and fireplaces in the reading rooms. He wanted the money to be used for buying books and installing shelves to hold them. The Guthrie library was the last Carnegie library in Oklahoma to use his grant money for such an expenditure,</p><br>
<p>Significant historical events at the building included the 1906 inauguration of the last territorial governor, Frank Frantz and the November 16, 1907 inauguration of the first state governor, Charles N. Haskell. It is a supporting building for the Guthrie Historic District. A statue on the grounds of the library/museum complex commemorates the symbolic wedding of Mr. Oklahoma and Miss Indian Territory during Governor Haskell&#39;s inaugural.</p><br>
<h2>Oklahoma Territorial Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Oklahoma Territorial Museum contains documents and exhibits about the creation of the Unassigned Lands in Indian Territory, the Land Run of 1889, homesteading and the governments of both Oklahoma Territory and the State of Oklahoma (1907 - 1910).</p><br>
<p>The museum building has two stories and is adjacent to the Carnegie Library building, which operates as part of the museum. The physical address is 406 East Oklahoma Avenue in Guthrie. The first floor of the new building presents exhibits about the Land Run and the lifestyle of settlers in the Oklahoma Territory. The second floor is "territorial government, transportation, education, entertainment, and the statehood experience."</p><br>
<p>Wilmot Mansion is a historic home located at Bethany, Wayne County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1827, and is a two-story, wood-frame dwelling in the Greek Revival style. It features a pedimented portico supported by four columns. It was the boyhood home of Congressman, Senator, and abolition advocate David Wilmot .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Eugene Dorflinger Estate is a historic home and estate located at Texas Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania. The house was built in 1865, and is a two-story, wood-frame dwelling with Victorian gingerbread trim. Also on the property are the contributing museum building, carriage house, photography studio, wash house, outhouse, and gazebo. The buildings are what is remaining from the Dorflinger Glass Works.</p><br>
<p>The property is now home to the Dorflinger-Suydam Wildlife Sanctuary, which protects almost 600 acres and features about 5 miles of trails.</p><br>
<p>The site also includes the Dorflinger Glass Museum that features over 900 pieces of cut lead crystal that were manufactured by the Dorflinger Glass Works.</p><br>
<p>The estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Octagon Stone Schoolhouse, also known as The Stone Jug, is an historic, American, one-room school building that is located in South Canaan Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built circa 1830, this historic structure is an octagonal shaped, one-room, fieldstone building. It was used as a school until 1900, after which it was used for storage.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Octagonal School Wayne CO PA 1.jpg</p><br>
<p>Hill&#39;s Sawmill, also known as the Holbert & Branning Mill and Duck Harbor Lumber & Chemical Co., is an historic sawmill which is located in Damascus Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1873, Hill&#39;s Sawmill is a two-story, rectangular building with a gable roof, which is seventy feet long and twenty-five feet wide and sits on a stone foundation.</p><br>
<p>It contains original mill equipment.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Hill_Sawmill_PA.JPGrightHill&#39;s Sawmill</p><br>
<p>Bellemonte Silk Mill, also known as Welwood Silk Mill and Sherman Underwear Mills, is a historic mill located at Hawley, Wayne County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1880-1881, and rebuilt in 1894 after a fire. It is a three- to five-story, long and narrow bluestone building in a High Victorian Gothic style. It features a castellated roof parapet. It has a one-story, shed roofed engine house addition. The mill is locally considered to be the largest bluestone building in the world. The property also includes the contributing Cocoon House; a one-story, one room stone building. In 2011 the Bellemonte Silk Mill and Cocoon House were renovated by Peter Bohlin. The Bellemonte Silk Mill became the Hawley Silk Mill and the Cocoon House became Cocoon Coffee House. The building once housed an antique resale shop.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Hiawatha Sportsmans Club 1931 Maintenance Building and Commissary are two recreational buildings located on Lake Boulevard, on the grounds of the Hiawatha Sportsmans Club, near Millecoquins, Michigan. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Dr. William E. McNamara of Lansing, Michigan purchased 32,000 acre of land in Michigans Upper Peninsula. In 1927, McNamara organized the Hiawatha Sportsmans Club for the purpose of hunting, fishing, and relaxing in a relatively unspoiled environment.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1920s, the population of Engadine, Michigan, was dwindling due to the description of the main industry in town. In 1931, the club purchased an empty Engadine store and moved it onto the club property to serve as a commissary. The first two commissary managers went on to found grocery stores in nearby towns: Joseph Patrick Rahilly in Newberry, Michigan, and Emmet Joseph Vallier in Naubinway, Michigan. The commissary is currently used by the Hiawatha Sportsman&#39;s Club Art Group for painting.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1931, the club constructed a clapboard-covered frame structure nearby to use as a maintenance building. The building served as the maintenance center for the club until 1946; it was used for storage until the mid-1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Manitou Lodge is a recreational building located on G Trail, on the grounds of the Hiawatha Sportman&#39;s Club, near Naubinway, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1997</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Dr. William E. McNamara of Lansing, Michigan purchased 32,000 acres of land in Michigans Upper Peninsula. In 1927, McNamara organized the Hiawatha Sportsmans Club for the purpose of hunting, fishing, and relaxing in a relatively unspoiled environment. In 1930, the club, led by McNamara, put together a team or architects and contractors to construct a hotel on club property. The original design specified a hotel with 50 rooms and a screened porch 88 ft long running along the front of the building. However, the Great Depression changed economic conditions, and the original design was scaled down to one containing 16 rooms, a lobby, and a 56 ft screened porch. The final building included design elements from both Philadelphia architect George Bunn and Lansing architect Harold G. Benriter.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1931, using logs cut on the clubs property and limestone from a quarry also on the clubs property.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1962, the nearby dining hall burned down, and was not replaced. Members use of the lodge decreased. The lodge is currently used by the Hiawatha Sportsman&#39;s Club as a library and museum, and it is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hiawatha Sportsmans Clubs Manitou Lodge is sited on a bluff overlooking Naubinway and Lake Michigan. The lodge is "an excellent example" of log construction. It is still in original condition, and consists of a lobby and sleeping rooms. The main section is a gable-end structure with a low pitched roof, and contains the lobby. The lobby interior showcases exposed roof beams and a large limestone fireplace. A 12 ft by 56 ft screened porch runs along the south side of the building, and provides a view of the lake. Two gable-end wings on the north side, mirror images of each other, house the sleeping rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Juntunen site, also known as 20MK1, is a stratified prehistoric Late Woodland fishing village located on the western tip of Bois Blanc Island. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Juntunen site is located on a low sand beach about 600 feet from and 17 feet above the current lakeshore. The site also contains five ossuaries, plus an infant burial and additional remains collected from the surface. The burials primarily dated from 1200 to 1400 AD. The frequent but seasonal occupation of the site led to a stratified layering of archaeological remains at the site, consisting of up to 25 separate layers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Juntunen site was discovered in 1932 by Robert Braidwood of the University of Michigan, who found human remains eroding from the surface of a group of mounds. Excavations were carried out over the next few years. Mr. Charles Juntunen, the property owner of the site, discovered more remains in 1959 while bulldozing a road. Juntunen contacted The University of Michigan, and the University&#39;s Alan McPherron and James Griffin conducted multiple excavations from 1960 to 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Results of 1960–1963 excavations</h2><br>
<p>The excavations yielded features, human burials, prehistoric artifacts, animal bone, and plant remains.</p><br>
<p>The excavators recorded 25 stratigraphic layers which represented 6 occupations and 3 phases with 2 intermediate phases where the site was apparently unoccupied for extended periods of time:</p><br>
<p>Mackinac Phase, c. 800 A.D. – 910 A.D., occupations A and B, stratigraphic layers I–XIV</p><br>
<p>Intermediate I Phase, c. 910 A.D. – 1000 A.D., occupation C, stratigraphic layer XV–XV</p><br>
<p>Bois Blanc Phase, c. 1000 A.D. – 1200 A.D., occupation D, stratigraphic layers XVI–XIX</p><br>
<p>Intermediate II Phase, c. 1200 A.D. – 1250 A.D., stratigraphic layers XX–XXI</p><br>
<p>Juntunen Phase, c. 1250 A.D. – 1400 A.D., occupations E and F, stratigraphic layers XXII–XXV</p><br>
<p>Excluding the intermediate phases, the sequence is generalized as: Mackinac Phase, c. 800 A.D.-1000 A.D. Bois Blanc Phase 1000 A.D.-1200 A.D. Juntunen Phase 1200-1400 A.D.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>Features present at the site included hearths, pits (large and small) and animal burials (dog, snowshoe hare and bald eagle). Hundreds of post molds were found but except for the outlines of a longhouse, no other structures could be discerned.</p><br>
<h3>Human burials</h3><br>
<p>There were 65 burials, some of them in ossuaries. The presence of ossuaries is evidence of cultural practices which are documented in early historic accounts of the Huron Feast of the Dead and similar ceremonies. 10 out of the 65 burials had a piece or plaque of bone from the cranium removed, a practice not seen in early historic times.</p><br>
<h3>Animal bone</h3><br>
<p>The major species present were sturgeon, whitefish, beaver, bald eagle, dog (both as food and ceremonial burials), loon and walleye. Fully 85% of the bones belonged to fish species. These bones were unmodified, unlike the worked bone artifacts discussed in the “Artifacts” section, and are interpreted as food remains.</p><br>
<h3>Plant remains</h3><br>
<p>Several plant remains were recovered from the site, including birch bark, hazelnut, maize, fire cherry and blackberry. Juntunen marks the furthest northerly appearance of maize in the prehistoric archaeological record.</p><br>
<h3>Artifacts</h3><br>
<p>Artifacts recovered from the site included:</p><br>
<p>Pottery (101,477 sherds representing at least 631 vessels)</p><br>
<p>Stone tools including 245 scrapers and 198 projectile points (of which 133 were triangular Juntunen points as defined by the excavators)</p><br>
<p>Ground stone artifacts (11), including celts and adzes</p><br>
<p>Bone tools (120) – including 69 awls and 9 harpoon heads</p><br>
<p>Copper artifacts – Juntunen is the only known copper manufacturing site in the Late Woodland. Including wastage and raw materials, 776 copper artifacts were present. Of the finished products, the most common categories were awls (57) and beads (25)</p><br>
<p>One individual buried in one of the ossuaries contained an unusual personal kit containing tools, skins, animal bones, a red stone tablet and a strike-a-light set. No other individuals had grave goods so it may be that this individual was prominent in the community or that we was a shaman or medicine man.</p><br>
<h3>Late Woodland occupations and associated pottery types</h3><br>
<p>Due to the extremely large sample size of pottery sherds, and the stratified nature of the site, the researchers were able to present a detailed record of cultural development and discern relationships with other regions.</p><br>
<p>Three indigenous Late Woodland phases of pottery types were identified: Mackinac, Bois Blanc and Juntunen. In addition, 4 "foreign" pottery types were also present: Late Woodland Blackduck and Point Sauble, Upper Mississippian Oneota and Middle Mississippian Ramey ware. A few other pottery types were also present in trace amounts.</p><br>
<p>Miniature vessels were also present at Juntunen (91 sherds representing at least 21 vessels). These are common at other sites in the area and could be interpreted as “toy” pots or attempts by young children to practice making pottery.</p><br>
<h4>Mackinac ware</h4><br>
<p>1,713 sherds were recovered, representing at least 631 vessels. This pottery is characterized by rounded, generally squat vessels with well-defined shoulders and tempered by coarse grit temper. Surface finish is generally cord-wrapped paddle impressed with decorations applied by cord-wrapped paddle or twisted cords and punctates. No collars or castellations appear during this phase. Similar pottery dating to the Late Woodland has been reported from the Heins Creek site in Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>Five types of Mackinaw ware are defined:</p><br>
<p>Mackinac undecorated – 299 rim sherds, representing at least 169 vessels. Characterized by undecorated surfaces and notched, splayed or outrolled lips.</p><br>
<p>Mackinac punctate – 392 rim sherds, representing at least 157 vessels. Characterized by various types and patterns of decoration using punctates; lips are thickened and splayed or outrolled.</p><br>
<p>Mackinac cord impressed – 275 rim and decorated body sherds, representing at least 108 vessels. Characterized by patterns of horizontal or vertical bands of cord-wrapped stick impressions.</p><br>
<p>Mackinac banded – 722 rim and decorated body sherds, representing at least 182 vessels. Characterized by horizontal bands of decoration produced by cord-wrapped stick and/or paddle, and punctates produced by a sharp tool.</p><br>
<p>Mackinac zigzag lip – 25 rim sherds representing at least 15 vessels. Characterized by thickened lips decorated in zigzag patterns by cord-wrapped object impressions.</p><br>
<h4>Bois Blanc ware</h4><br>
<p>793 sherds were recovered, representing at least 138 vessels. Characterized by rounded vessels lacking the well-defined shoulders of Mackinac Ware; cord-wrapped stick and twisted cord exterior decoration; lips thickened by either folding over the clay or addition of a clay strip; and castellated, straight to slightly everted rims. This pottery has similarities to other Late Woodland wares including Blackduck, Heins Creek and Point Sauble.</p><br>
<p>Three types of Bois Blanc ware are defined:</p><br>
<p>Bois Blanc braced rim – 496 rim and decorated body sherds, representing at least 108 vessels. Characterized by braced rims created by adding a strip or molding lip and rim. Rims are castellated and profiles straight to slightly excurved. Surface treatment similar to Mackinac Ware.</p><br>
<p>Bois Blanc banded – 239 rim and decorated body sherds representing at least 25 vessels. Characterized by rims thickened by a strip of beading.</p><br>
<p>Bois Blanc castellated corded – 58 sherds representing a minimum of 5 vessels. Characterized by castellated, unthickened rims; little rim outflare or eversion; cord and cord wrapped object decoration with punctates.</p><br>
<h4>Juntunen ware</h4><br>
<p>1,031 rim and decorated body sherds were recovered, representing at least 309 vessels. This pottery is characterized by round bodied vessels without pronounced shoulders; less decoration with cords and cord-wrapped objects; collared and everted rims; punctate and drag-and-jab decoration. Similar to pottery found in Southwest Ontario including early Ontario Iroquois.</p><br>
<p>Three types of Juntunen ware are defined:</p><br>
<p>Juntunen linear punctate – 96 sherds representing at least 6 vessels. Characterized by smoothed-over cordmarked surface with bands of linear punctations on the collar.</p><br>
<p>Juntunen collared – 35 sherds representing at least 22 vessels. Characterized by a coarser paste and larger temper particles; smooth surface lacking any cord-wrapped stick treatment; and decorated rims.</p><br>
<p>Juntunen drag-and-jab – 893 sherds representing at least 281 vessels. Characterized by cord-wrapped paddle surface finish decorated in a variety of motifs, including drag-and-jab; rims collared and castellated.</p><br>
<h4>Blackduck ware</h4><br>
<p>154 rim sherds representing at least 45 vessels of Blackduck Ware was also present at the site. Blackduck was a Late Woodland culture encompassing a vast territory in Canada and the extreme north of the United States, centered on the north shore of Lake Superior. Blackduck has been dated from about 900 A.D. to early Historic period (c. 1600s A.D.). The Blackduck pottery is characterized by rounded vessels with recurved rims; cordmarked surfaces decorated by cord-wrapped stick or by punctates. It appears at Juntunen in Occupation A in the Mackinac Phase and may extend into the Bois Blanc Phase but was probably no longer being made during the Juntunen Phase.</p><br>
<p>Earlier researchers have developed typologies for Blackduck, but the researchers at Juntunen recognized 2 types defined from the Juntunen assemblage:</p><br>
<p>Blackduck banded – 46 rim sherds representing at least 20 vessels. Characterized by horizontal bands of cord-wrapped stick impressions associated with punctuate decoration.</p><br>
<p>Blackduck punctate – 98 rim sherds representing at least 25 vessels. Like Blackduck Banded except decorations are limited to punctates.</p><br>
<h4>Point Sauble collared</h4><br>
<p>Point Sauble collared is a pottery type associated with the Late Woodland Effigy Mound culture of eastern Wisconsin. 40 sherds representing at least 15 vessels were recovered at Juntunen, mostly associated with the Bois Blanc Phase. Similar pottery has been reported from Aztalan, a Middle Mississippian site in southern Wisconsin. This pottery is characterized by cordmarked surfaces and cord-wrapped stick decoration on the rim and neck. Rims are braced and the 2 of the Juntunen specimens have angular orifices like those reported at Aztalan.</p><br>
<h4>Ramey incised</h4><br>
<p>Eleven sherds representing a single vessel were present at Juntunen.</p><br>
<h4>Oneota ware</h4><br>
<p>Oneota is an Upper Mississippian ware from Wisconsin and surrounding states. It is generally a shell-tempered ware but the specimens from Juntunen were almost all grit-tempered. 212 rim and body sherds representing at least 35 vessels were grit-tempered, while only 6 sherds representing 1 vessel were shell-tempered. The Juntunen specimens were characterized by flared rims, smooth surfaces, and scalloped, crimped or finger-pinched lips. One sherd was finger-trailed but otherwise all sherds were undecorated. No handles were observed. The Oneota at Juntunen is similar to the Oneota component at the Mero site in Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Juntunen site provides a detailed record of Late Woodland cultural development from approximately 800 A.D. through the 1400s A.D. Because of its centralized location relative to the Great Lakes, and the importance of water travel in prehistoric times, it shows influences from all directions. The Mackinac and Bois Blanc Phases tend to show affinities with Wisconsin cultures, while the Juntunen Phase tends to show influence from Ontario and the Iroquois Tradition, the Blackduck pottery shows influence from the north and the Middle Mississippian pottery shows influence from the south. Juntunen is also the northernmost site from which maize has been recovered.</p><br>
<p>Juntunen also shows signs of what would later become cultural practices of early historic tribes. It is suggested that the ossuary burials were a tradition that later grew into the elaborate ceremonies such as the Huron Feast of the Dead, after European contact and the fur trade had transformed Native American cultures in the region. The “medicine kit” recovered from one of the burials, and the bald eagle burial, anticipates the practices of religious groups in early historic tribes, such as the Midewiwin Society of the Algonkian tribe, or the False Face Society of the Iroquois. The practice of removing a plaque of the cranium of some burials, provides evidence of a prehistoric religious practice that had apparently disappeared by historic times.</p><br>
<p>The researchers determined the seasonality of the site to be May through October, based on analysis of the species of animal bone and plant remains present. This would coincide with the spawning season of the sturgeon (late spring to early summer) and the whitefish (in the fall). These are the two major categories of animal bone collected at the site.</p><br>
<p>The copper industry at Juntunen is also unique in the Late Woodland period. The last time copper had such a prominent role in artifact manufacture was in the Archaic Old Copper Culture (c. 3000 B.C.-1000 B.C.)</p><br>
<p>The Redfield Carnegie Library in Redfield, South Dakota is a building from 1902. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story building with a red brick facing above an ashlar-faced foundation. It has a portico with pilasters and paired Doric columns supporting a pediment.</p><br>
<p>The library was funded by a $10,000 Carnegie library grant.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library is a historic building on the Fisk University campus in Nashville, Tennessee. The cornerstone was laid in 1908 by William Howard Taft, who was then the USA Secretary of War. It was funded by Andrew Carnegie, who provided a number of academic libraries, as well as many public Carnegie libraries.</p><br>
<p>The library was designed by African-American architect Moses McKissack III; it was his first major design project. It is a two-story Classical Revival building constructed from brick with a stone columned porch, featuring an interior light well. The upper floor was intended to provide a venue for musical performances.</p><br>
<p>It is included in the Fisk University Historic District and was independently listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It now serves as the university&#39;s Academic Building.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library is a historic building still in use as the Hoquiam Timberland Library in Hoquiam, Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>One of forty–three Carnegie libraries built in Washington, it is located at 621 K Street in Hoquiam. The Claude and Starck design is a rare example of Prairie School architecture in the region. The two story building is about 40 by with a concrete foundation. The main facade faces southwest fronting K Street. A small central wing extends from the back. A detailed plaster frieze is below the eaves of the hip roof which extend about 3 feet all around the building. A buff Tenino sandstone course joins the frieze and brick which makes up the primary wall material. A central stairway on the main facade leads to the second floor where the main public interior space is situated. This space is a large open room divided by bookshelves. Large single pane windows about 6 feet above the floor are on all sides of the building and the facade also has double hung one over one windows opening from the first floor. The buildings interior space is 12,761 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hoquiam Carnegie Library was built in 1911, the architects were Louis W. Claude and Edward F. Starck (Claude and Starck) of Madison, Wisconsin. The grant for building the library was. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The building was substantially renovated and restored in 1991, funded by a $1.9 million city bond, a Bishop Foundation grant and bequeathments by local citizens. The project took great care to maintain the architectural and historic integrity of the building. On December 11, 2018, the library re–opened after a preservation and upgrade project. the building is essentially unaltered and remains in use as a public library. The address for the modern library branch is listed as 420 7th Street.</p><br>
<p>The J.S. O&#39;Connor American Rich Cut Glassware Factory, also known as the Maple City Glass Company, H.W. Kimble Silk Company, and Arrow Throwing Company, is an historic glassware factory and silk mill located in Hawley, Wayne County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>With the waning of the canal and gravity rail operations during the late nineteenth century, Hawley developed into a busy manufacturing town. In addition to silk fabric and garments, among the chief products was fine cut glass, then a fashionable consumer good. The leading cut glass establishment was that of John Sarsfield O’Connor (1831 - 1916) at the base of the Paupack Falls.</p><br>
<p>J.S. O’Connor Rich Cut Glass has been described as one of the most extensive glass cutting factories in America with O’Connor recalled as one of the finest glass cutters in the nation. The factory was said to be one of a kind in America, run by waterpower and lit by electricity generated by its own electrical plant. The firm had a capacity of two hundred and fifty cutting frames.</p><br>
<p>John S. O&#39;Connor erected this bluestone building for the purpose of manufacturing cut glass using Dorflinger blanks. The electricity used was generated from the Wallenpaupack Falls located directly behind the building. A three hundred-candle-powered dynamo was housed in the basement. The office, roughing and stockrooms were on the first floor; the second and third floors held the designing, smoothing and polishing departments. The factory was a well-orchestrated assembly-line operation.</p><br>
<p>The "Brilliant Period" in glass cutting occurred between 1880 and 1905. O&#39;Connor designed many highly collectible patterns, such as Parisian, Florentine, and Princess, and also designed special cutting wheels for circular cuts, a vacuum device that prevented glasscutters from inhaling the ground glass, and a hardwood polisher. When the third floor was rebuilt, fifty cutting frames were added. This increased the workforce from one hundred and fifty to nearly two hundred; as a result, a new showroom was built.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, O&#39;Connor opened a second factory in Goshen, New York, and on January 16, 1902, O’Connor sold his Hawley plant, relocating from Hawley, Pennsylvania, to Goshen, New York.</p><br>
<p>The factory was later converted into a boutique hotel known as the "Country Inn" during the 1980s, although today the facility operates as the "Ledges Hotel." This building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. Ledges Hotel was also inducted into, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>OConnors personal life</h2><br>
<p>O&#39;Connor was born in Ireland in 1831 and came to America as a child. In his youth, he was an apprentice in cut-glass factories in New York City. After serving in the Civil War, he was employed by Christian Dorflinger at White Mills. He received first prize for his cut-glass submission to the Paris Exposition.</p><br>
<p>He died at his Hawley home, located next to his built factory, in 1916 at the age of eighty-five, and was buried in a Honesdale, Pennsylvania cemetery with his family.</p><br>
<p>The Starlight Station, New York, Ontario, and Western Railway, also known as the Buckingham Township Municipal Building, is an historic, American railway station that is located in Buckingham Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1889 as the New York, Ontario and Western Railway(O&W) was organizing its new Scranton division, this railroad station became the social and economic center of the community during its heyday. The surrounding area, which had been known as Lizard Lake prior to the railroads arrival, was officially named "Starlight" after the villages first post office was established at the station. That new name was chosen by local residents from a book provided by the USA Postal Service. The station agents wife was the villages first postmaster.</p><br>
<p>Customers came in to send off letters and pick up their mail. The station agent logged in freight dairy products, produce, and other items, ensuring that they were properly transferred from the freight room to the appropriate railroad cars, oversaw the offloading of supplies for local customers, and sold tickets to village residents, vacationers and salesmen using the railroad for business travel.</p><br>
<p>The building was in use as a passenger and freight station, as well as the station agent&#39;s residence, until 1933, when the Great Depression led to local business failures and the financial losses for the O&W. The station agent office was subsequently moved to nearby Lakewood station. Although no longer in use as an office, Starlight station was maintained as a railroad property, providing living quarters for the agent. The post office remained at the station until 1953, when the family moved out of the upstairs apartment and the post office was relocated. In 1957, with all its divisions closed down, the O&W was dissolved and Starlight station sat empty and unused.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, Buckingham Township, in need of a municipal building, purchased the station building, but did not immediately have the funds to convert it for government purposes. In 1976, it received grant money to renovate the building, adapting it for use as a township office and meeting space. The freight room floor was removed to lower the surface to ground level and the exterior freight door was replaced with an overhead door converting the space for use as a garage. A portion of the former stationmaster’s office was partitioned to create a restroom.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, the municipality researched the station&#39;s original exterior paint color, and then restored the station by repainting it in its distinctive original mustard yellow with dark green trim.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>Comparison with early photographs of the building reveals that the buildings basic design footprint and mass remain unaltered. Most original materials and distinctive details remain, including the stationmasters ticket cage, wood floors and complex siding. Despite changes made in the name of adaptive reuse, inside and out, the overall appearance retains its architectural integrity.</p><br>
<p>The former waiting room has been used as a space for township meetings. The former post office area is now the township office. The former freight room is a garage that houses township equipment. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Patriotic Order Sons of America Washington Camp 422, also known as the Women&#39;s Society of Christian Service Hall, is an historic, American building that is located in Dreher Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1904, as a meeting hall for the local chapter of the Patriotic Order Sons of America, this historic structure is a two-story, rectangular, wood-frame building that measures approximately twenty-two feet wide and forty-four feet deep. A one-story addition was built in 1999. The building houses the Greene-Dreher Historical Society&#39;s artifact collection.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
